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information about soils, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, waterfowl, forestry and land use at a
scale of 1:50,000. A rating classification factor was also added to permit analysis.
CGIS lasted into the 1990s and built a large digital land resource database in Canada.
It was developed as a mainframe-based system in support of federal and provincial resource
planning and management. Its strength was continent-wide analysis of complex datasets. The
CGIS was never available commercially.
In 1964 Howard T. Fisher formed the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial
Analysis at the Harvard Graduate School of Design (LCGSA 1965– 1991), where a number
of important theoretical concepts in spatial data handling were developed, and which by the
1970s had distributed seminal software code and systems, such as SYMAP, GRID, and
ODYSSEY – that served as sources for subsequent commercial development – to universities,
research centers and corporations worldwide.
By the early 1980s, M&S Computing (later Intergraph) along with Bentley Systems
Incorporated for the CAD platform, Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI),
CARIS (Computer Aided Resource Information System), MapInfo (MapInfo) and ERDAS
(Earth Resource Data Analysis System) emerged as commercial vendors of GIS software,
successfully incorporating many of the CGIS features, combining the first generation
approach to separation of spatial and attribute information with a second generation approach
to organizing attribute data into database structures. In parallel, the development of two public
domain systems (MOSS and GRASS GIS) began in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
In 1986, Mapping Display and Analysis System (MIDAS), the first desktop GIS
product emerged for the DOS operating system. This was renamed in 1990 to MapInfo for
Windows when it was ported to the Microsoft Windows platform. This began the process of
moving GIS from the research department into the business environment.
By the end of the 20th century, the rapid growth in various systems had been
consolidated and standardized on relatively few platforms and users were beginning to
explore viewing GIS data over the Internet, requiring data format and transfer standards. More
recently, a growing number of free, open-source GIS packages run on a range of operating
systems and can be customized to perform specific tasks. Increasingly geospatial data and
mapping applications are being made available via the world wide web.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What was the first application of spatial analysis?
2. What is photozincography?
3. When and where did true operational GIS appear?
4. What was CGIS used for?
5. What is Howard T. Fisher famous for?
6. When did the first desktop GIS product appear?

3. Give the English equivalents from Text 8:

Застосування, просторовий аналіз, картографічний метод, рослинність,
зображення, база даних, картографічна інформація, ґрунт, науково-дослідний центр,
теоретичний принцип, епідеміологія.
4. Fill in the blanks with the words from Text 8. Translate the sentences into
Ukrainian:

1. In 1854 John Snow depicted a __________ in London using points to represent the
locations of some individual cases.
2. The John Snow map was unique, using __________ not only to depict but also to
analyze clusters of geographically dependent __________.