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When examining a landscape, scale can be intuited from trees, houses and cars. Not so
with a map. Even such a simple thing as a north arrow is crucial. It may seem obvious that the
top of a map should point north but this might not be the case.
Color likewise is equally important. How the cartographer displays the data in
different hues can greatly affect the understanding or feel of the map. Different intensities of
hue portray different objectives the cartographer is attempting to get across to the audience.
Today, personal computers can display up to 16 million distinct colors at a time even though
the human eye can distinguish only a minimum number of these. This fact allows for a
multitude of color options even for the most demanding maps. Moreover, computers can
easily hatch patterns in colors to give even more options. This is very beneficial when
symbolizing data in categories such as quintile and equal interval classifications.
Quantitative symbols give a visual measure of the relative size/importance/number
that a symbol represents and to symbolize this data on a map there are two major classes of
symbols used for portraying quantitative properties: Proportional symbols change their visual
weight according to a quantitative property. These are appropriate for extensive statistics.
Choropleth maps portray data collection areas (such as counties, or census tracts) with color.
Using color this way, the darkness and intensity (or value) of the color is evaluated by the eye
as a measure of intensity or concentration.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What is cartographic symbology for?
2. What map elements do you know?
3. What is the role of color?
4. What is the role of quantative symbols?
3. Give the English equivalents from Text 6:

Картографічна символіка, оглядова мапа, вимірювальна лінійка, ландшафт,
розрізняти кольори, кількісні та якісні символи, пропорційний, графство.

4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text. Translate the following
sentences intoUkrainian:

1. __________ has been developed in an effort to portray the world accurately and
effectively convey information to the map reader.
2. A legend explains the __________ of the map known as its symbology.
3. When examining a landscape, __________ can be intuited from trees, houses and
cars.
4. Proportional symbols change their visual weight according to a __________.
5. __________ maps portray data collection areas (such as counties, or census tracts)
with color.

GRAMMAR FOCUS
THE ADVERB. DEGREES OF COMPARISON.

5. Translate the following sentences. Find out and improve the mistakes in the
following sentences:

Example: The driver of the car was serious injured. ....WRONG... seriously
Be quiet, please! I’m trying to concentrate. RIGHT.