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, , , etc.), halogen compounds with positive oxidation

states ((НСlO, НСlO 2, НСlO 3, НСlO 4), nitric acid HNO 3, and nitrogen oxides

(N 2O 5, NO 2, N 2O), concentrated sulfuric acid H 2SO 4, hydrogen peroxide H 2O 2,

metal peroxides (Na 2O 2, KO 2, ВаО 2), The most important oxidants

1 Atoms and molecules of active non-metals: Cl 2, F 2, Br 2, O 2, S;

+6
+5
+6
+7
2 Atoms of some elements with a high oxidation state (S , N , Cr , Mn ).
+4 +4 -1
3 Atoms of some elements with an intermediate oxidation state (S , N , О ).
4 Oxidants in the industry: HNO 3, H 2O 2, K 2Cr 2O 7, O 2, O 3.

Oxidants in the laboratory: (H 2SO 4 (conc.),HNO 3, KMnO 4, KClO 3, H 2O 2,
5
K 2Cr 2O 7).

All oxidants contain in their composition an element whose electron configuration
2 6
is not stable, but to the formation of a stable configuration of type s p or another

5
2
2 4
type they lack one (for example, s p for Cl 2, Вr 2, І 2), two (for example, s p for
O 2) and up to four electrons Therefore, they attach electrons that are lacking, and
reduce their oxidation state.

Reducing agents are substances that can transfer electrons. For example, the

reducing agents are metals in the free state (especially alkaline and alkaline earth),

Hydrogen, and Carbon. Compounds of non-metals with the lowest levels of

oxidation, that is, compounds with , , , , , , ,

etc. in their composition, belong to the reducing agents.

The most important reducing agents

1 Active metals:Na, Mg, Al.

-2
-
-
-
2 Atoms of some nonmetals with a negative oxidation state (S , Cl , І , Br ).
+3
+4
-1
Atoms of some elements with an intermediate oxidation state (S , N , О ,
3
+3
+2
Мn , Cr ).
4 Reducing agents in the laboratory: (Н 2S, Н 2SіO 3, HNO 2).
5 Reducing agents in industry: Hydrogen, Coal, CO, active metals.

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