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any order, or a set of ‘playing rules’ which influence the real world. These features
were characteristic of the works of famous writers H. Borges, M. Frisch, V.
Nabokov, G. Hesse, H. Cortazar.
Another distinguishing feature of art of the XXth century was its intense

mythology. The desire to highlight the current events as out of time led the authors
to create ‘multi-layer’ works built on the association with a variety of mythological
images. Famous novel written by James Joyce's ‘Ulysses’, films by F. Fellini, A.

Tarkovskiy, P. Pasolini were great examples.
Modernism (from Franch ‘moderne’ - «modern») as an artistic method
emerged in the XXth century. The artists deliberately refused to follow the real

world and began to create their own world, living according to the laws of their
imagination and intellect. The perception of a work of art involved the accent on
the way the problem was solved rather that its essence. The content was less

important than a form.
The notion of Modernism was closely connectedwith the avantgarde that is
the most innovative, radical trand of modernism based on experiment. However,
the paradox of the avant-garde is that innovative, avantgarde currents of

modernism such as Cubism, Futurism, Abstract art, Dadaism, Surrealism are now
perceived as a tradition. Unlike Modernism, Postmodernism became a new cultural

situation, the peculiarities of which are the ironic view of the world, numerous
quotations and allusions, the game in text and word.
Among the problems of art of the XXth century the question of the borders
of art and notn-art is of high priority. One of the striking features of the modern

cultural situation lies in the fact that almost any object can be declared a work of
art.
We should also recall the avantgarde cultural phenomena such as happening,

performances, ‘art action’ and others. One need to stress some currents in the art of
the XXth century: pop art, op-art, kinetic art, hyperrealism.

Questions

1. What are the main components of the cultural crisis on the turn of the XIX –
XXth c.?

2. What was the cultural paradigm shift in the late XIX – XXth c.?
3. Ideology of Romanticism: basic ideological guides, theories and historical and
cultural significance.

4. The literary process in the twentieth century: the main genres, leading
representatives, sights.

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