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11. Where does usually litigation begin?
12. Why are the district (town) courts at the bottom of
the judicial pyramid?
13. What kind of courts are considered the special trial
courts?
14. Who is the first appointment to the office of the
judge done by?

Task 4. Pick out from the text all the word combinations with the
following words and give their Ukrainian equivalents.
Under the Constitution, the Constitutional court, courts of general
jurisdiction, Supreme Council, the congress of judges, public significance,
upon the initiative, the Procurator General of Ukraine, courts of appeal,
military tribunals.

Task 5. Complete the following expresions choosing a suitable
preposition from the list below; find the best way of expresing them in
Ukrainian.
1. The judiciary in Ukraine is administered … the
Constitutional Court.
2. The Constitutional Court consists … 18 judges.
3. The Supreme Court examines cases of particular
complexity … its own decision.
4. Appellate courts are divided … regional, territorial and
military courts of appeals.
5. The courts of appeals review decisions of the district courts
… their areas.
6. The district (town) courts and military tribunals are … the
bottom … the judicial pyramid.
7. Special trial courts have jurisdiction … certain types of
cases.
8. The first appointment … the office … the judge is done …
the President of Ukraine.
Over, by (2), of (3), on, into, within, at, to

Task 6. Translate the following sentences and pay special attention to
the underlined words or phrases.
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