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5 Частинки утворювали тонку, але сильну оболонку – глинисту кірку – на стінках
свердловини, подібну до штукатурки на стінах кімнати.
6 Легенда свідчить, що брати Гаміль переганяли худобу через земляні канави, щоб ті, в
свою чергу, каламутили глину в воді.
7 10 січня бурильна бригада почала спуск нового долота на дно свердловини.
8 Брати Гаміль використовували роторну бурову установку, коли обладнанням більшості
бурильників був станок ударно-канатного буріння.
9 На відміну від станка ударно-канатного буріння, бурові установки вимагають
експлуатації бурового розчину, і частинки в ньому запобігають обвалу пластів.
10 В результаті чого, бурильники почали використовувати бурові установки набагато
частіше, ніж станки ударно-канатного буріння. В наш час, майже всі свердловини бурять
за допомогою бурових установок.

12 Translate the following passage into Ukrainian using a dictionary.
The Many Roles of Drilling Fluids
The harsh environment in underground drilling operations encouraged the research and
development of drilling fluids that can fill several crucial roles in the drilling process: suspension,
pressure control, stabilization of formations, buoyancy, and lubrication and cooling.
The flow of drilling fluid down the drill pipe and up the borehole sometimes stops, either
because of a problem or in order to raise the drill pipe up and out of the hole to allow the bit to be
changed. When drilling stops the cuttings suspended in the fluid can sink to the bottom of the hole
and jam the drill. Drilling fluids are designed to have a very interesting property that takes care of
this problem. The thickness, or viscosity, of the fluid increases as movement of the fluid slows.
When the fluid stops moving it forms a thick gel that suspends the rock cuttings and keeps them
from sinking to the bottom of the borehole. When the fluid starts moving again it becomes thinner
and reverts to its previous thin, liquid form
There is a popular image of oil gushing from a rig, high into the sky, while workers rejoice
at having found oil. Actually, such blowouts are rare and no cause for celebration, since the goal is
to extract the oil in a controlled manner. Mud is designed to prevent such accidents by
counteracting the natural pressure of fluids in rock formations. A proper balance must be achieved
in which the pressure of the drilling fluid against the walls of the borehole is enough to counter the
pressure exerted both by rock formations and by oil or gas but not so much that it damages the well.
If the weight of the drilling fluid is too great it could cause the rock to fracture and the drilling fluid
would be lost into the ground.

Speaking Section

13 Make up a dialogue on the following situation and talk to your friend. Let one of your group
mates translate the dialogue consequently.

You are visiting Spindletop with your group. Tell the students about Spindletop, its informal
name, the history of drilling at Spindletop, who drilled the well and how.

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