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Abbreviations may also have synonyms: op. cit. (opere
citato, “in the work cited”), loc. cit. (loco citato, “in the place
cited”).
There are synonyms because of variants of language: trainee
borstal (англ.) – trainee juvenile (амер.) (неповнолітній
порушник)
Synonyms are generated in several ways:
• When research begins, it is necessary to name the new
referents (objects, ideas). It is possible that this task is being
developed simultaneously in different places, so a series of
synonyms is generated. Within time, some terms are used more
frequently than others, that may become erased form
terminologies. Once the results of the research are shown, the
generation of new terms can be coordinated in order to avoid more
synonyms.
• It is possible that different research groups generate new
names for their already exisiting research concepts to differentiate
their research in relation to the object studied or the method
applied.
• The standardisation of terminologies leads to the revision
of nomenclatures which forces the scientists to update the lists of
names. So, for a duration of time, there will be dictionaries with
the old names and the new names to represent the same concepts.
For instance, after the last revision of the chemical nomenclature, a
new one is generated that exists together with the old one for a
period of time and it is possible to find pairs of terms, such as
“carbon dioxide” and “carbonic anhydride” the compound
obtained by removing the elements of water from a particular acid
to name the same referent (CO2), but only one of them is correct
after the revision, so they cannot be used as synonyms although
they have the same meaning.
• Sometimes a language is contaminated with unnecessary
loans from other languages, which societies have an important
technological and cultural influence (currently American English).

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