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communicative objective, and it is realized by means of a number
of semantic processes, going on in the sememe on the level of
certain semes.
Actualization of the seme — the seme is singled out in the
structure of meaning; this process is stipulated by the
communicative act, and the seme is perceived by the
communication act participants as communicatively relevant,
constituting the actual sense of the word. The semes, which were
not employed in the formation of the actual sense of the word,
remain not actualized. For example: Needle: Give me a needle, I
want to mend my socks. Look, your child is holding a needle! The
discovery of metal allowed us to have the needle and the frying
pan, the car and the spaceship. I cannot find the needle, because it
is so dark. I can not undo this tangle even by a needle.
Intensification of the seme — the change of brightness to a
greater degree. Weakening of the seme — the seme becomes less
bright. As the actual sense of the word is formed, some semes
become brighter and automatically other semes become weaker on
their background. For example: His parents were peasants, and he
is a worker. He is a worker, but he wants to study and become an
engineer. She looks very young, but her son is already a student. If
you do well at school, you will become a student.
Split of the seme — incomplete actualization of the seme,
only its part is actualized in the communicative process. Explicit
semes are split: a part of the explicit seme. Actualized in the
communicative act, is one of implicit semes of this explicit seme.
This semantic process is characteristic of the figurative meaning.
For example: political race — severe competition (in sports), piles
of work — very much (material), fruit salad of reports — mixture
(of fruits).
Modification — contextual modification of the content of
the semic specifier within the semantic sign. Sense modification
— the change of its content in the communicative act (often for
indistinct semes): a fish as big as an arm, a fish as big as a palm;

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