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concerned predominantly with an in-depth description of lexemes,
                            it gives a close attention to a vocabulary in its totality, the social
                            communicative essence of a language as a synergetic system being
                            a study focus.

                                  4. Subbranches of lexicology
                                  There are several branches of lexicology. The general study
                            of words and  vocabulary,  irrespective of the specific  features of
                            any  particular  language,  is  known  as  general  lexicology.
                            Linguistic phenomena and properties common to all languages are
                            referred to as language universals. Special lexicology focuses on
                            the  description  of  the  peculiarities  in  the  vocabulary  of  a  given
                            language.  A  branch  of  study  called  contrastive  lexicology
                            provides  a  theoretical  foundation  on  which  the  vocabularies  of
                            different languages can be compared and described, the correlation
                            between  the  vocabularies  of  two  or  more  languages  being  the
                            scientific priority.
                                  Within  the  framework  of  lexicology,  both  synchronic  (Gr
                            syn  “together”,  “with”  and  chronos  “time”)  and  diachronic  or
                            historical (Gr dia “through”) approaches to the language suggested
                            by  the  Swiss  philologist  Ferdinand  de  Saussure  (1857-1913)  are
                            effectively  realized.  Language  is  the  reality  of  thought,  and
                            thought develops together with the development of a society, thus
                            the language and its vocabulary should be studied in the light of
                            social  history.  Every  new  phenomenon  in  a  human  society  in
                            general,  which  is  of  any  importance  for  communication,  finds  a
                            reflection in the corresponding vocabulary. A word is considered
                            to be a generalized reflection of reality; therefore, it is impossible
                            to understand its development if one is ignorant of the changes in
                            socio-political or everyday life, manners and culture, science of a
                            linguoculture  it  serves  to  reflect.  These  extra-linguistic  forces
                            influencing  the  evolution  of  words  are  taken  into  the  priority
                            consideration in modern lexicology.















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