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4. A systematic error always follows some definite mathematical
or physical law and correction can be determined and applied.
5. Inaccuracy in marking chain lengths on the ground is an
example of ordinary errors.

II. LEXICAL EXERCISES

Task 1. Complete the sentence according to the text.

1_________ are unavoidable even for the most thoroughly trained
and motivated measurer.

2. Ordinary errors in surveying, met with in all classes of survey
work, may be classified as ___________.
3. _________ can be detected by repeating the whole operation.

4. Measurements are usually made in an environment that is
_______.
5. _________ employ instruments, from the simple plumb line to
the most sophisticated electronic apparatus.

6. Surveying errors can occur due to unavoidable circumstances
like _________.
7. _______ are regarded as positive or negative according as they

make the result great or small.
8. _______ are dealt with by controlling or managing them.
9.__________ have reduced personal errors in measurements, but

not eliminated them.
10. __________ occur because of negligence, while ________
occur due to imperfection.
11. Whether they are small mistakes or large random errors does

not matter as much as knowing how to __________.
12. The magnitude of random error is unknown, but it can be
________.

13. The systematic errors may arise due to variations of
temperature, humidity, pressure, current velocity, curvature,
refraction, etc. and _______.

Task 2. Match the words in A with the words in B to form
word-combinations and translate them into Ukrainian.

№ A B
1. to apply instruments;
2. to follow in nature;

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