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demarcation – демаркація, встановлення меж кордонів.

Task 2. Read and translate the text.

Text 2 Application of geodesy

Geologists, oceanographers, meteorologists, and even

paleontologists use geodesy to understand physical processes on,
above, and within the Earth. Because geodesy makes extremely
accurate measurements (to the centimeter level), scientists can use its

results to determine exactly how much the Earth's surface has changed
over very short and very long periods of time. Surveying is the
practice of positioning, and geodesy is the theoretical foundation of

surveying. For centuries, the role of geodesy was to serve mainly
mapping.
Geodesy is now widely used in topographic mapping, engineering
construction and transportation.

In engineering construction the important roles of geodesy are:
- to build a mapping control network for large-scale topographic
mapping at the project design stage. Designers design buildings and

plan districts on large-scale topographic maps;
- to build a construction control network during project
construction;
- to build a special control network for observing deformation

with the purpose of monitoring deformation of buildings during the
operation stage after completion of the project.
Geodetic surveying and positioning technology has provided

important guarantees for improving navigation safety, traffic
efficiency and decreasing traffic accidents. Geodesy also helps
shipping companies save time and money by shortening their ships'

and airplanes' routes and reducing fuel consumption.
Geodesy is especially important for the exploration and
development of undersea continental shelf oil-gas fields. State-of-the-

art geodetic techniques are crucially important for exploration and
development of the mineral resources, particularly energy resources
from the ocean. Geodesy is used in disaster prevention (earthquakes,
floods, severe tropical storms, landslides, mud flow), resistance and

mitigation.
Geodesy is used for boundary demarcation and defense. In the
past, military geodesy was largely involved with the practical aspect

of the determination of exact positions of points on the Earth's surface
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