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detection and ranging system, radar, has had a deep effect on the
philosophy behind geodetic instruments. Developments in the
computers provide numerical calculations. After the war accurate
electromagnetic measuring devices became commercially available

for geodetic uses. They first used polarized light, then radiowaves and
finally lasers.
The launching of the first satellites was another giant leap for

geodesy. Satellites also brought about a new project for geodesy: The
mapping of the gravity field above the Earth to predict the satellite
orbits.
The increased ease and accuracy with which geodesists could

determine positions, as well as, the gravity field parameters, led to
new applications, but also to new problems. The last important
development of geodesy concerns the sea. It helps to satisfy the

steadily growing demand for accurate navigation.

V. INDIVIDUAL WORK

Task 1. Complete the text with words from the box and

translate it into Ukrainian.

Geomorphology, the Earth, field, science, motion,
mapping, surface, datum, satellite, demarcation, orbit

Geodesy and other disciplines and sciences

We have already mentioned that for more than two hundred years,

geodesy – strictly speaking, only one part of geodesy, i.e., positioning
was applied in ___ in the disguise known as "control surveying".
Positioning finds applications also in the realm of hydrography,
boundary ___, engineering projects, urban management,

environmental management, geography and planetology. At least one
other part of geodesy, geo-kinematic, finds applications also in
ecology. Geodesy has a symbiotic relation with some other sciences.

While geodesy supplies geometrical information about ___, the other
geo-sciences supply physical knowledge needed in geodesy for
modeling. Geophysics is the first to come to mind. It deals with the
physical response of the Earth to a variety of forces, the internal

structure of the Earth affecting its ___. This information is needed
when various mathematical models for geodetic purposes are being
designed. Gravity is one of the most important sources of information

used in geophysics. It also needs positions and other geometrical
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