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UNIT 8

PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING AND MODERN
EQUIPMENT IN GEODESY

I. READING AND LEARNING

Task 1. Read and memorize the following words and word-
combinations:

surveying equipment – вимірювальні інструменти;
gyrocompass – гідрокомпас;
inertial system – інерційна система;

triangulation – тріангуляція;
quadrilateral – чотирикутник, чотиристоронній;
transverse survey – полігонометрична, теодолітна зйомка;

vertical control – висотна основа;
transit survey – теодолітна зйомка;
elevation – підняття, висота;

constellation – сузір’я, конфігурація супутників;
photogrammetry – фотограмметрія;
magnetic compass – магнітний компас.

Task 2. Read and translate the text.

Text 1. Principles of Surveying. Measurement Technology

Surveying is the art and science of measuring the surface of the
Earth and its features. In general, there are three types of

measurements, that can be undertaken in surveying methods:
- Distance measurements. Different instruments and
technologies can be used for measuring distances: mechanical tools,

electronic measuring instruments (EDM), GPS, Remote Sensing (RS)
techniques, etc.
- Directions are measured by a magnetic compass, theodolite,
gyrocompass, radio compass, RS, etc.

- In height measurements the following techniques can be used:
leveling, GPS, inertial system, RS, etc.
Survey measurements can be divided into two categories:

1. Horizontal surveying can be conducted using the following
methods:
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