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7.3 Basic Measures to Improve Working Conditions........................ 48
7.4 Harmful Substances and Protection Against Their Impact.
Harmful Substances Classification................................................................ 48
7.5 Occupational Dust and its Effect on Human Body....................... 51

7.6 Meteorological Conditions........................................................... 53
Revision Questions.............................................................................. 57
8 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION............................................................. 58
8.1 Overall Definitions........................................................................ 58
8.2 The Basic Types of Ventilation Systems....................................... 58
8.3 Calculation of the Required Volumetric Flow Rate of Air in the
Ventilation Systems in Industrial Areas......................................................... 64
8.4 Natural Ventilation........................................................................ 66
Revision Questions.............................................................................. 69
9 INDUSTRIAL ILLUMINATION.......................................................... 71
9.1 Importance of Industrial Illumination........................................... 71
9.2 Factors that Determine Visual Comfort........................................ 72
9.3 Basic Light Engineering Notions.................................................. 73
9.4 Standardization of Artificial and Natural Lighting of Industrial
Premises.......................................................................................................... 75
9.5 Natural Illumination....................................................................... 76
9.6 Artificial Illumination.................................................................... 77
9.7 Artificial Illumination Sources...................................................... 79
9.8 Designing Artificial Illumination Systems.................................... 82
Revision Questions.............................................................................. 82
10 INDUSTRIAL NOISE............................................................................ 84
10.1 Characteristics of Noise............................................................... 84
10.2 Effects of Noise on the Human Body.......................................... 86
10.3 Protective Measures against Noise............................................. 87
Revision Questions.............................................................................. 88
11 PROTECTION AGAINST INFRASOUND AND ULTRASOUND. 89
11.1 Ultrasound.................................................................................... 89
11.2 Infrasound.................................................................................... 90
Revision Questions.............................................................................. 90
12 INDUSTRIAL VIBRATION................................................................ 91
12.1 Effects of Vibration on the Human Body. Hygienical
Estimation of Vibration................................................................................. 93
12.2 Protective Methods against the Harmful Effects of Vibration.... 94
Revision Questions.............................................................................. 97
13 IONIZING RADIATION....................................................................... 98
13.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions of Ionizing Radiation................ 98
13.2 Units of Measurement of Ionizing Radiation............................... 101
13.3 Sources of Ionizing Radiation. Sources of Ionizing Radiation in
the Oil and Gas Industry................................................................................. 105
13.4 Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Human Body.
Standardization of Radiation Safety............................................................... 109

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