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one correspondence not only between the semantic structures of
correlated words but also between seemingly identical and
correlated meanings of contrasted words. For example: укр.
широкий and the English words wide, broad, large, extensive,
generous — are not semantically identical because Ukrainian word
широкий is used to describe both humans and objects
indiscriminately (широка жінка “товста”; широка вулиця,
двері), whereas the English word wide does not contain the
semantic component human.
Some American psycholinguists (C.E. Osgood, G.J. Suci,
P.H. Tannenbaum) set up a technique known as semantic
differential by means of which, as they claim, meaning can be
measured. It is perfectly clear, however, that what semantic
differential measures is not word meaning in any of the accepted
senses of the term but the connotational component of meaning or,
to be more exact, the emotive charge. Their technique requires
informations to judge a series of concepts with respect to a set of
antonymic (opposite) adjective scales. This technique we can use
for the fiction translation. For example: a concept like англ. dog is
to be rated in terms of the degree to which it is good or bad; fast or
slow; kind or angry; big or small etc.
The transformational analysis in lexicological
investigation may be defined as repatterning of various
distributional structures in order to discover difference or
sameness of meaning of practically identical distributional
patterns. Briefly, any transformation is a form of expressing some
definite meaning. The simplest transformation is transcoding (for
example: англ. Liverpool, London, Wales; укр. Ліверпуль,
Лондон, Уельс). The transformational method is employed to
identify the nature of a language unit in the source language or in a
target language. Ukrainian sentence “Знаю, прийду” may
understand and treat differently: a) as a definite personal sentence
with two homogeneous predicates; b) as a definite personal main
sentence (why shall I come?) because (I know it); c) as two

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