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d Match the types of connection in the box to the following groups.
bolting bonding connecting fixing gluing joining riveting welding

1 connecting = describes any kind of connection.
2 = describes mechanical connections only.
3 = describes non-mechanical connections only.

11a Complete the following questions using the words in the box.
each other on onto to together

1 How can we fix these two components ?
2 How can we fix these two components to ?
3 How can we fix this component ?
4 How can we fix this component / this component?

b Complete the following training web page using the words in Exercise 11 a.
MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE EVALUATIUN: JOINTS AND FIXINGS
The most suitable method of joining components depends on many factors, which extend
beyond the obvious issue of required strength.
• Will the joint need to be disconnected in the future? If a part is bolted (1) ,
it can obviously be removed at a later date. If two components are bonded to (2) with
strong adhesive, or welded (3) then subsequent removal will clearly be more difficult.

• What external factors might affect the joint? Water or heat can weaken adhesive joints.
And no matter how tightly nuts are screwed (4) bolts, vibration can cause them to work
loose overtime.
• How quality-sensitive is the jointing technique? Components are rarely joined
(5) ,each other in ideal conditions. Inadequately tightened fixings, improperly
prepared surfaces, or flawed welds are inevitable. How could such imperfections affect the joint
negatively?

c In pairs, answer the following questions using the information on the web page in
Exercise 11 b.
1 What are the main advantage and disadvantage of mechanical fixings?
2 What is the main disadvantage of non-mechanical jointing?
3 What issues can negatively affect mechanical fixings and non-mechanical joints?

12 a In pairs, discuss the following jointing techniques used in aircraft and say
how the parts are fixed together.
1 Early aircraft: timber frame / adhesive or screws
2 Modern jet aircraft: alloy body panels / rivets
3 Aircraft cabins: seats/floor/bolts
4 Aircraft cockpit: windshield/fuselage/adhesive

b Your company has launched a competition for its engineers to build a homemade model
glider that is as cheap as possible to assemble. In pairs, discuss what types of materials and
joints you could use.

IV Describing positions of assembled components

13a In pairs, read the title of the article and suggest ways of making a garden chair fly.

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