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9 bentonite

d Complete the following table using the words in the box.

basically (х2); call; effectively;
essentially; imagine; other; picture; refer; simple; simply

Function Words / Phrases
1 Simplifying the language in simple terms / put / in words/
2 Simplifying the concept / /
3 Focusing on technical terms what we / what we to as
4 Illustrating with images if you / if you

e In pairs, practise explaining the technical terms in Exercise 1 5a using the simplified
words and phrases in Exercise 15d.

16 Read the textbook description of two types of pile foundation. Use the words and
phrases in Exercise 15d and the following notes to rephrase it.

Like standing on stilts in water
Imagine water and the seabed

From a structural perspective, pile foundations can be divided into two categories: end-bearing
piles and friction piles.
End-bearing piles are driven or bored through soft ground in order to attain firm substrata below.
The pile then transmits load vertically to firm subsoil or bedrock. The soft ground surrounding
the sides of the pile is surround structurally redundant.

Imagine a leg and a foot
Like nail in wood

Friction piles counteract downward loads from the structure through frictional resistance
between the sides of the pile and the surrounding ground, and do not therefore rely on firm
substrata. In some cases, the diameter of the concrete at the pile’s base is widened by
compaction, allowing the increased area to give the friction pile a certain degree of end-bearing
resistance.

17 You are showing a non-specialist visitor around your company and explaining
technical concepts using simplified language. In pairs, practise explaining a product or type
of technology that you are familiar with.

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