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c) Past tense: I wanted to ask you for a postponent.
d) Enbedded “if’ clause: I would appreciate if you left me alone.
2. Pragmatic mitigation:
a) Consultative devices (indirectly asking for addressee’s cooperation): Do you think I
could borrow your notes from yesterday?
b) Understaters (minimizing requests): Could you tidy up a bit before I start?
c) Hedges (avoiding commitment): It would really help if you did something about the
kitchen
d) Downtoner (signalling possibility or noncompliance): Will you perhaps be able to
drive me?

Directive Formula Types

Formula type Addressee Syntactic Primary intent Surface Token
type SP
1. Need/desire Subordinates Declara- Directive Expres- I want X
statement – tive action sive I need two more
S asserts sentence copies.
need/want
2. Imperatives
- Simple Subordinates or Impera- Directive Direc- Leave me alone
imperative – S familiar equals; S tive action tive
commands an may have the
action of right to tell H to
hearer do smth
- “You” Subordinates Impera- Directive Direc- You get the
imperative tive action tive milk.
- Deleted Subordinates or Directive Coffee, black.
imperative familiar equals action
- Attention- Directive Please
getters action
- Post-posed Familiar equals Directive Take some of
tags action these, will you?
- Rising Familiar equals Directive Give me a
intonation action copy?
3. Imbedded Directive
imperatives action
– command is
embedded in
another
linguistic frame