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teachers: they should be good-natured, prudent, restrained, they should not drink
alcohol and treat students with kindness. However, the system of corporal
punishment flourished. There was also a system of incentives: seats at a front and
back desk. The best students were named "senators" and seated in prominent

places.
Among subjects that were studied in fraternal schools were reading and
writing, later – rhetoric, grammar, dialectic, music, scripture, arithmetic, and

church singing. Particular attention was paid to Slavic and Greek languages: they
spoke and wrote in Greek. Hetman Sagaidachny in his will allocated some funds
for the maintenance of Greek language teachers in the fraternity schools of Lviv

and Kyiv. Later, for practical reasons, Latin (the language of instruction in all
European universities) and Polish languages were introduced. In the middle of the
XVIIth century, in the registers there were more than two thousand Orthodox

fraternal schools, and not only in cities. With the support of Orthodox magnates,
fraternal schools were organized in villages. The textbooks were published in
Poland by German and Polish typographers; later, with fraternities, they owned
printing houses. In Lviv, in 1596, Ivan Fedorov’s "The ABC Book" was published

in 1596, grammar of a Slavic language “Adelfotest” – in 1591. Schools became
one of the most effective factors in national cultural development in Ukraine.

At the expense of fraternities, talented youngsters were given an opportunity
to continue their education at European universities: in Krakow, Prague, Leipzig,
Vienna, Paris, Bologna, Padua, Heidelberg. The registries of the University of
Heidelberg in the XVIth century documented around 800 students from Ukrainian

lands, more than half of them were Rusyns (Ukrainians), which were usually
recorded as "Ruthenians". Sometimes, they achieved brilliant academic results. A
prominent humanist, who was surrounded by Polish literary humanists, was

Professor of Roman Literature Pavlo Rusin from Crosna. A graduate of Krakow
University, a son of Drohobych artisan Yuriy Drohobych was a prominent scientist
at the end of the XV century in the field of astronomy, mathematics and medicine.

At the Bologna University, he obtained a doctorate in medicine, and in 1483 he
was elected a dean of the medical faculty, where he taught medicine and
astronomy. Yuriy Drohobych was the first Ukrainian author whose book was

published in Rome: his work "Prognostic Evaluation of 1489" was published there.
Yuriy Drohobych was a teacher of the famous German poet-humanist Konrad
Cels. Another prominent Ukrainian Hryhoriy Orekhovsky (Orzhehovsky) served as
the rector of the Bologna University, the centre of European legal science, for 24

years.
Not all graduate students of European universities returned to Ukraine, they
continued their scientific career in Europe. The need of for scientists increased

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