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negligence недбалість, халатність
malicious prosecution зловмисне судове переслідування

defamation наклеп, обмова, дифамація public nuisance порушення
громадського спокою to apply (to) застосовувати; стосуватися employment
зайнятість, робота
remuneration заробітна плата, винагорода trade union
профспілки
disability insurance страхування на випадок втрати непрацездатності

Task 2. Read and translate the text, write down all the unknown words.
Law. Classifications of Law
The Law is a set of principles, rules and standards of conduct
• that have general application in the society
• that have been developed by an authority for that society, and
• for the violation of which the society imposes a penalty.
The basic functions of law are
• keeping the peace,
• enforcing standards of conduct and maintaining order,
• facilitating planning,
• and promoting social justice.
There are many ways to subdivide the law. One way is to distinguish between substantive law and
procedural law.
Substantive law sets out the rights and duties governing people as they act in society. Duties tend to
take the form of command "Do this" or "Don't do this". Substantive law also establishes rights and
privileges, for example a freedom of speech or the so-called right of self-defence.
Procedural law establishes the rules under which the substantive rules of law are enforced. Rules as
to what cases a court can decide, how a trial is conducted, and how a judgment by a court is to be-enforced
are all part of the procedural law.
Another important distinction is between criminal law, concerned with wrongful acts harmful to the
community, and civil law, concerned with individuals' rights, duties and obligations towards one another.
Criminal law defines breaches of duty to society in large. Private duties owed by one person (including
corporations) to another are established by civil law. The main subdivisions of civil law are: law of
contract, family law, law of torts, constitutional and administrative law, industrial, maritime and
ecclesiastical law.
Constitutional law is a branch of the public law of a nation or a state which treats with the
organization, powers, frame of government, the distribution of political and governmental authorities and
functions, the fundamental principles which are to regulate the relations of government and citizen.
Family law is a body of law regulating family relationships, including marriage and divorce, the
treatment of children, and economic issues. It is also concerned with such subjects as adoption, separation,
paternity, custody, support and child care.
Law of Torts includes wrongs, such as negligence, defamation, malicious prosecution and nuisance.
Labour law is the varied body of law applied to such matters as:
employment, remuneration, conditions of work, trade unions, and industrial relations. The term includes
social security and disability insurance as well.
Maritime or Admiralty law is a body of legal rules that governs ships and shipping.
Administrative law is the legislative requirements, typically for businesses, issued by government
agencies in published regulations.

Task 3. Read the text with the proper pronunciation of the words and intonation. Remember that
your reading time is not more than 3 minutes.

Task 4. Answer the following questions.
1. How do you understand the term ‘law’?
2. What functions does law perform?
3