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II. MAIN PART

Task 2. Read and remember the rules of Present Perfect tense usage.
Unfinished Actions
1: We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions or states or habits
that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' and we
need 'since' or 'for'. We often use stative verbs.
- I've known Karen since 1994.
- She's lived in London for three years.
- I've worked here for six months.
'Since' and 'For'
We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year). The fixed time
can be another action, which is in the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived).
- I've known Sam since 1992.
- I've liked chocolate since I was a child.
- She's been here since 2pm.
- We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months).
- I've known Julie for ten years.
- I've been hungry for hours.
- She's had a cold for a week.
Finished Actions
2: Life experience. These are actions or events that happened sometime during a
person's life. We don't say when the experience happened, and the person needs to be alive
now. We often use the words 'ever' and 'never' here.
- I have been to Tokyo.
- They have visited Paris three times.
- We have never seen that film.
3: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today). The period of time is
still continuing.
- I haven't seen her this month.
- She's drunk three cups of coffee today.
- I've already moved house twice this year!
We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word.
- NOT: I've seen him yesterday.
4: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result). We often use the
present perfect to talk about something that happened in the recent past, but that is still true or
important now. Sometimes we can use the past simple here, especially in US English.
- I've lost my keys (so I can't get into my house).
- She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today).
- They've missed the bus (so they will be late).
5: We can also use the present perfect to talk about something that happened recently,
even if there isn't a clear result in the present. This is common when we want to introduce news
and we often use the words 'just / yet / already / recently'. However, the past simple is also
correct in these cases, especially in US English.
- The Queen has given a speech.
- I've just seen Lucy.
- The Mayor has announced a new plan for the railways.

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