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Figure 5.4 – Scheme of the Christmas tree
At the bottom we find the Casing Head and casing
Hangers. The casing will be screwed, bolted or welded to the
hanger. Several valves and plugs will normally be fitted to give
access to the casing. This will permit the casing to be opened,
closed, bled down, and, in some cases, allow the flowing well to
be produced through the casing as well as the tubing. The valve
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