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2. The discovery of gold marked the decline of the Bronze Age.
3. During the Middle Ages, mining of a variety of minerals was common throughout
Europe.
4. We talk about minerals when we mean health and fitness.
5. Synthetic materials are also are considered minerals.
6. Minerals are solid substances, which means their atoms are arranged in an orderly,
repetitive manner.
7. Most minerals have a nonmetallic luster and are called glassy.
8. When shells and coral reefs are buried and become part of the rock record, they are
considered minerals by geologists.
9. Copper and galena exhibit a submetallic luster.
10. Streak can help distinguish between minerals with metallic luster and those with
nonmetallic luster.

UNIT 12
MINERALOGY
Part 2

Task 1. Read and memorize the following words:
determine by - визначатися chemical bond – хімічний зв’язок
bend - гнутися snap – приходити у потрібний стан
brittle – крихкий, ламкий shatter – розбити вщент, розколоти
cleavage – кліваж, шаруватість fracture - руйнування
irregular – неправильний, mica - слюда
несиметричний, нерівний
malleable – м’який hammer - бити молотом
plane – площина, паралельна кліважу smooth – гладкий, з рівною поверхнею
release – послабити, звільнити abrasion – стирання, зношування,
шліфування
resistance - опір fluorite – плавиковий шпат
scratching – дряпання, шкрябання rub - терти
stress – тиск,напруга toughness – міцність, твердість
tenacity – міцність, сила зчеплення, hardness - твердість
опір розриву
uneven - нерівний

Task 2. Transcribe and translate the following words: gypsum, ionically,
micas, cleavage, tenacity, talc.

Task 3. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian. Pay special
attention to the pronunciation of the following words: fracture, tenacity, malleable,
elastic, diagnostic, sectile, original, numerical, identified.

Mineral Strength
How easily minerals break or deform under stress is determined by the type and
strength of the chemical bonds that hold the crystals together. Mineralogists use terms
including tenacity, hardness, cleavage, and fracture to describe mineral strength and
how minerals break when stress is applied.
TENACITY. The term tenacity describes a mineral’s toughness, or its
resistance to breaking or deforming. Minerals that are ionically bonded, such as fluorite
and halite, tend to be brittle and shatter into small pieces when struck. By contrast,
minerals with metallic bonds, such as native copper, are malleable, or easily hammered

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