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зовнішніх сил; відносно гладка, плоска поверхня; плутати кліваж з кристалічною
формою; розламатися на шматки однакової форми; нерівна поверхня.

Task 7. Build up 6 simple sentences using the English vocabulary from Task
6. All the verbs must be used in the Passive voice.

Task 8. Give a short summary of the text from Task 3.

Task 9. Look at Figure 12.1. It shows hardness scales. Figure A represents
Mohs scale of hardness, with the hardness of some common objects. Figure B
shows relationship between Mohs relative hardness scale and an absolute hardness
scale. Compare hardness of the following minerals and common objects:
 gypsum and wire nail;
 apatite and fingernail;
 calcite and glass and knife blade.

Task 10. Talk about tenacity, hardness, cleavage and fracture as the most
important characteristics of mineral strength.

Grammar focus
Indirect Speech

Task 1. Rebuild the following sentences from direct into indirect speech.
Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
E.g. He said, “Sometimes, powerful hot blasts that carry small amounts of ash
separate from the main body of a pyroclastic flow.” – He said that sometimes, powerful
hot blasts that carried small amounts of ash separated from the main body of a
pyroclastic flow.
He said,
1. “Driven by gravity, pyroclastic flows tend to move in a manner similar to snow
avalanches.”
2. “Scientists discovered that masonry walls nearly a meter thick were knocked over
like dominoes, large trees were uprooted, and cannons were torn from their
mounts.”
3. “On a global scale many destructive eruptions have occurred during the past few
thousand years, a few of which may have influenced the course of human
civilization.”
4. “The classic composite cone is a large, nearly symmetrical structure consisting of
alternating layers of explosively erupted cinders and ash interbedded with lava
flows.”
5. “When the activity became localized, a cinder and spatter cone, given the Hawaiian
name Puu Oo, was built.”
6. “These pyroclastic fragments range in size from fine ash to bombs that may exceed
a meter in diameter.”
7. “The longest and largest rift eruption ever recorded on Kilauea began in 1983 and
continues to this day, with no signs of abating.”
8. “Because these erosive forces are concentrated on any protrusion along the
pathway, the volcanic pipes that are produced tend to develop a circular shape.”
9. “On the island of Hawaii, these lavas have been clocked at 30 km per hour down
steep slopes.”
10. “Another economically important mineral with an igneous origin is diamond.”

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