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chert - крем'янистий сланець extol - звеличувати, розхвалювати
copper - мідь iron ore - залізна руда
decline - занепад tin - олово
employ by smb. – використовуватись advance – розвиватися, просуватися
кимось вперед
extract - видобувати hematite - гематит
flint - кремінь impetus - імпульс, стимул, поштовх

Task 2. Transcribe and translate the following words and proper names:
Egyptians, BC, the Bronze Age, iron-working technology, the Middle Ages, vitamins.

Task 3. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian. Pay special
attention to the pronunciation of the following words: mineral, gold, silver, copper,
bronze, hematite.

Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. They have been employed by humans
for both useful and decorative purposes for thousands of years. The first minerals mined
were flint and chert, which people fashioned into weapons and cutting tools. As early as
3700 BC, Egyptians began mining gold, silver, and copper; and by 2200 BC humans
discovered how to combine copper with tin to make bronze, a strong, hard alloy. Later,
humans developed a process to extract iron from minerals such as hematite—a
discovery that marked the decline of the Bronze Age.
By about 800 BC, iron-working technology had advanced to the point that
weapons and many everyday objects were made of iron rather than copper, bronze, or
wood. During the Middle Ages, mining of a variety of minerals was common
throughout Europe, and the impetus for the formal study of minerals was in place. The
term mineral is used in several different ways. For example, those concerned with
health and fitness extol the benefits of vitamins and minerals. The mining industry
typically uses the word when referring to anything taken out of the ground, such as coal,
iron ore, or sand and gravel.

Task 4. Answer the following questions, using the vocabulary from Task 1.
1. What were the first minerals mined by people?
2. What were they used for?
3. When did humans begin mining gold, silver, and copper?
4. When did humans discover how to combine copper with tin to make bronze?
5. What discovery marked the decline of the Bronze Age?
6. When were weapons and many everyday objects made of iron rather than copper,
bronze, or wood?
7. What process was common throughout Europe during the Middle Ages?
8. In what ways is the term mineral used?
9. How does the mining industry typically use the word mineral?

Task 5. Complete the following sentences from the text in Task 3.
1. The first minerals mined were … and …, which people fashioned into weapons
and cutting tools.
2. As early as 3700 BC, … began mining gold, silver, and copper.
3. By … BC humans discovered how to combine copper with tin to make bronze, a
strong, hard alloy.
4. By about 800 BC, … technology had advanced to the point that weapons and
many everyday objects were made of iron.
5. During the Middle Ages, … was common throughout Europe.
6. … uses the word when referring to anything taken out of the ground.
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