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2. Plates are bounded by three distinct types of boundaries, which are differentiated
by the type of relative movement they exhibit.
3. None of the ocean floor that has been dated exceeds 180 million years in age.
4. The oceanic lithosphere is elevated, because it is hot and occupies more volume
than do cooler rocks.
5. As new lithosphere is formed along the oceanic ridge, it is slowly yet continually
displaced
6. from the zone of upwelling along the ridge axis.
7. Although new lithosphere is constantly being added at the oceanic ridges, the
planet is not growing in size.
8. Most volcanic island arcs are found in the Pacific Ocean.
9. During the collision, the continental crust buckled, fractured, and was generally
shortened and thickened.

Task 2. Put various types of questions to the sentences; pay special attention
to the word order of the sentences with the Passive Voice. Translate the sentences
into Ukrainian.
Model: Other elements found in the universe have been converted from
hydrogen and helium due to nuclear fusions in stars.
A general question: Have other elements found in the universe been converted
from hydrogen and helium due to nuclear fusions in stars?
A special question: what have other elements found in the universe been
converted from?
An alternative question: Have other elements found in the universe been
converted from hydrogen or helium or both of them?
A disjunctive question: Other elements found in the universe have been
converted from hydrogen and helium due to nuclear fusions in stars, haven’t they?

1. Although most transform faults are located along oceanic ridges, some slice
through the continents.
2. The Antarctic and African plates are almost entirely bounded by spreading
centers and hence are growing larger.
3. The Pacific plate is being subducted along much of its perimeter and is therefore
diminishing in area.
4. New plate boundaries are created in response to changes in the forces acting on
the lithosphere.
5. This movement is ultimately driven by the unequal distribution of heat within
Earth.
6. None of the plates is defined entirely by the margins of a single continent.
7. During the past several decades a great deal has been learned about the workings
of our dynamic planet.
8. The notion of drifting continents was received with great scepticism and even
ridicule.

Discussion

Task 1. Read and memorize the following words:
retard – затримувати, уповільнювати vigorous – сильний, енергійний
waterlogged – заболочений, затоплений drain – осушувати, здійснювати
дренаж
accelerated - прискорений nonexistent - неіснуючий
transported soil – наносний грунт overshadow – затьмарюватись

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