Page 71 - 4567

Task 1. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Build up a glossary to the
underlined terms.
Source rock refers to the formation in which oil and gas originate. Hydrocarbons are
generated when large volumes of microscopic plant and animal material are deposited in marine,
deltaic, or lacustrine (lake) environments. The organic material may either originate within these
environments and/or may be carried into the environment by rivers, streams or the sea. The
microscopic plant and animal material generally is deposited with fine clastic (silt and/or clay)
sediments. During burial the sediments protect the organic material by creating an anoxic
(oxygen depleted) environment. This allows the organic material to accumulate rather than be
destroyed by aerobic organisms such as bacteria. Over time, the organic remains are altered and
transformed into gas and oil by the high temperatures and increased pressure of deep burial. This
process can take tens of thousands of years to occur.

Task 2. Translate the following sentences into English using the given vocabulary.
Topic: Earth’s external processes. Mechanical weathering.
mechanical weathering – механічне pore spaces – порожнини пор
вивітрювання
frost wedging – морозне вивітрювання freezing - замерзання
expand for – збільшитись на fracture – розколюватись на уламки
rupture – розриватись, розрив
Механічне вивітрювання відбувається під впливом механічної дії сторонніх агентів.
Як приклад можна навести процес замерзання води. Коли вода трапляє у пори або
тріщини гірських порід, де згодом – замерзає, її об’єм збільшується на 9- 10%, при цьому
виникає великий тиск на стінки тріщин або пор. Сила, зумовлена зростанням тиску, долає
опір гірських порід або мінералів на розрив і вони розколюються на окремі уламки.
Найінтенсивніше руйнівну дію спричиняє вода, яка замерзає у тріщинах гірських порід.
Внаслідок замерзання води легко руйнуються також пористі породи, в яких порожнини
пор займають до 10-30% об’єму. Процеси, пов’язані з дією води, яка періодично
замерзає, ще називають морозним вивітрюванням.

INDIVIDUAL READING

Task 1. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian (in written form).
Evolution of an Ocean Basin
The opening of a new ocean basin begins with the formation of a continental rift, an
elongated depression along which the entire lithosphere is stretched and thinned. Where the
lithosphere is thick, cool, and strong, rifts tend to be narrow—often less than a few hundred
kilometers wide. Modern examples of narrow continental rifts include the East African Rift, the
Baikal Rift (south central Siberia), and the Rhine Valley (northwestern Europe). By contrast,
where the crust is thin, hot, and weak, rifts can be more than 1000 km wide. In those settings
where rifting continues, the rift system evolves into a young, narrow ocean basin, such as the
present-day Red Sea. Continued seafloor spreading eventually results in the formation of a
mature ocean basin bordered by rifted continental margins. The Atlantic Ocean is such a feature.
What follows is an overview of ocean basin evolution using modern examples to represent the
various stages of rifting.
EAST AFRICAN RIFT. The East African Rift is a continental rift that extends through
eastern Africa for approximately 3000 km. It consists of several interconnected rift valleys that
split into eastern and western sections around Lake Victoria. Whether this rift will eventually
develop into a spreading centre, with the Somali subplate separating from the continent of
Africa, is uncertain.