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TABLE OF CONTENS

INTRODUCTION 6
1 GEOMETRICAL DRAWING 7
1.1 COMMON RULES OF DRAFT SHAPING AND FINISHING 7
1.2 SOME GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS 16
2 PROJECTION DRAWING 18
2.1 VIEWS 18
2.2 SECTIONAL VIEWS 20
2.3 SECTIONS 28
2.4 BEARING-OUT ELEMENTS 29
2.5CONVENTION AND SIMPLIFICATION AT THE CONSTRUCTION OF 30
IMAGES
3 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS 33
3.1 BASIC CONCEPTS, DETERMINATIONS, CLASSIFICATION 33
3.2 TYPES OF AXONOMETRY 34
3.2.1 RECTANGULAR ISOMETRIC PROJECTION 34
3.2.2 RECTANGULAR DIMETRY PROJECTION 36
3.2.3 AKSONOMETRICAL OBLIQUE-ANGLED PROJECTIONS 37
3.3 METHODS OF MODELING THE FIGURES AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS 38
3.3.1 AXONOMETRY OF PLANE FIGURES 38
3.3.2 EXAMPLES OF MODELING THE ISOMETRICAL PROJECTIONS OF
SIMPLE FIGURES 42
4 JOINT 45
4.1 TYPES OF JOINT 45
4.2 AN REPRESENTATION AND DENOTATION OF SCREW-THREAD ON DRAWINGS 45
4.3CLASSIFICATION OF THREADS 46
4.3.1METRIC SCREW-THREAD 46
4.3.2 PIPE CYLINDER SCREW-THREAD 48
4.3.3 A PIPE CONICAL THREAD 49
4.3.4 TRAPEZOIDAL SCREW-THREAD 49
4.3.5 BUTTRESS THREAD 50
4.3.6 SQUARE NON-STANDARD THREAD 50
4.3.7 SPECIAL THREAD 51
4.4 FIXINGS 51
4.4.1 BOLTS 51
4.4.2 NUTS 53
4.4.3 SCREWS 54
4.4.4 STUDS 55
4.4.5 WASHERS 55
4.5 THREAD JOINTS 56
4.5.1 BOLT JOINTS 56
4.5.2 STUD JOINTS 57
4.5.3 SCREW JOINT 59
4.5.4 CONVENTIONAL DRAWING OF FIXINGS AND JOINTS 59
4.5.5 PIPE JOINTS 60
4.5.5.1 PIPES AND BRANCH PIPES 61
4.5.5.2 LOCK NUTS (STATE STANDARD 8961-75 ) 62
4.5.5.3 PIPE COUPLINGS (STATE STANDARD 8955-75) 62
4.5.5.4. REDUCERS OR REDUCING COUPLINGS (STATE STANDARD
8957-75) 63
4.5.5.5 BOWS (STATE STANDARD 8946-75 ) 64
4.5.5.6 TEES (STATE STANDARD 8948-75) 64
4.6 PERMANENT JOINTS 66

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