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chemicals enter the body? In order for a chemical to become hazardous to a
person’s health, it must first contact or enter the body and the chemical must have
some biological effect on the body. Table 6.2 lists the four major routes.

Table 6.2 - How chemicals enter the body
Ways of chemicals enter to the body

Inhalation Breathing in contaminated air is the most common way that
workplace chemicals enter the body

Skin Some chemicals, by direct or indirect contact, can damage the
contact skin or pass through the skin into the bloodstream

Ingestion Workplace chemicals may be swallowed accidentally if food
or hands are contaminated

Injection Injection can occur when a sharp object (e.g. needle)
punctures the skin and injects a chemical directly into the
bloodstream

There are next ways of the carriage of hazardous substances: by air, road,
rail and sea.
Transportation of a chemical between the supplier and/or agent and the user
may introduce special risks in addition to those which can arise from the inherent
chemical and physical properties.
Industrial accidents involving hazardous chemicals include release of gas or
vapour (including deposition to land), fire, explosion, spillages to land, and
discharges to water courses (including surface waters, ground water, spring waters,
saline waters, estuaries, potable waters, industrial waste waters).
There are two types of forecasting of the consequences of an accident on
chemically dangerous object or transport: long-term (operational) and emergency.

3.1 Long-term forecasting
Long-term forecasting is carried out in advance to determine the extent of
pollution, the forces and resources involved in the elimination of the consequences
of an accident, the preparation of work plans and other long-term (reference)
materials.
For long-term (operational) forecasting, the following data is used:
- The total number of toxic substances for objects located in hazardous areas
(at wartime and for seismic hazardous areas, etc.). In this case, toxic substance
spills is taken "freely";
- quantity of toxic substances in single maximum technological tank for
other objects. In this case, the toxic substance is spilled “in tray” or “freely”
depending on the storage conditions of the toxic substance. Tray is a metal bath
with a corrosion-resistant coating under the tank of toxic substances. For

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