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President. It consists of 18 judges who are elected by the President of
Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada and the congress of judges.
Courts of general jurisdiction have three tiers, like a pyramid: the
district courts, the courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of Ukraine.
The Supreme Court of Ukraine is the highest body of general
jurisdiction. It only examines cases of particular complexity of special
public significance, and does so either upon its own decision, or upon the
initiative of the Procurator – General of Ukraine.
Appellate courts are divided into regional, territorial and military
courts of appeals. The courts of appeals review decisions of the district
courts within their areas.
At the bottom of the judicial pyramid are the district (town) courts
and military tribunals where litigation begins. Most litigation occurs in
these courts (97 % of all criminal cases and 99 % of all civil cases are
examined in the principal link of Ukrainian judicial system – the courts of
districts and towns).
There are also special trial courts that have jurisdiction over certain
types of cases. The special trial courts are organized in a system that looks
like the system of courts of general jurisdiction with a Supreme Court at
the top. The structure is the following: there are district administrative and
economic courts, appellate administrative and economic courts, and high
appellate administrative and economic courts.
The first appointment to the office of the judge is done by the
President of Ukraine. All the other judges except the judges of the
constitutional court are elected by the Verkhovna Rada. Judges shall hold
office until they die, retire, or resign.

Task 5. Read the text and fill the spaces with the appropriate words
and word combinations which are given after the text.

Systems of Government
For the last century or so, the world has been divided into countries,
each ruled by a government. Governments vary from harsh dictatorships
to liberal …, but they are all intended to … in the particular way the
country and its people and to … their affairs.
Every … has its own system but the government is usually split into
… sections: the legislature, … and the judiciary. … usually amends laws
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