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the sun, the moon, the world

5. before superlatives and ordinal numbers:

the highest building, the first page, the last chapter.

6. with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people:

the Japanese, the old

7. with names of geographical areas and oceans:

the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Atlantic

8. with decades, or groups of years:

she grew up in the seventies

a/an

Use 'a' with nouns starting with a consonant (letters that are not vowels),
'an' with nouns starting with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u)

Examples A car
A boy An orange
An apple A house
An opera

NOTE:
An before an h mute - an hour, an honour.
A before u and eu when they sound like 'you': a european, a university, a unit

The indefinite article is used:

 to refer to something for the first time:
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
Would you like a drink?
I've finally got a good job.
 to refer to a particular member of a group or class
Examples
 with names of jobs:
John is a doctor.
Mary is training to be an engineer.
He wants to be a dancer.
 with nationalities and religions:
John is an Englishman.
Kate is a Catholic.
 with musical instruments:
Sherlock Holmes was playing a violin when the visitor arrived.
(BUT to describe the activity we say "He plays the violin.")
 with names of days:

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