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developed a negative evaluative connotation which was absent in
the first meaning.
Tory: brigand > member of the Tories; knight: manservant >
noble, courageous man.

2. Homonymy
Homonyms are words which are identical in sound and
spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in their
meaning (e.g. bank, n. – a shore; bank, n. – an institution for
receiving, lending, exchanging, and safeguarding money; ball, n. –
a sphere; any spherical body; ball, n. – a large dancing party
The most widely accepted classification of homonyms is that
recognizing homonyms proper, homophones and homographs.
Homonyms proper (or perfect, absolute) are words identical
in pronunciation and spelling but different in meaning (e.g. back n.
"part of the body" – back adv. "away from the front"- back v. "go
back"; bear n. "animal" – bear v. "carry, tolerate").
Homophones are words of the same sound but of different
spelling and meaning (e.g. buy v. – by prep.; him pr. – hymn
церковний гімн n.; piece n. – peace n.; rite обряд n. – write v. –
right adj.).
The following joke is based on a pun which makes use of
homophones:
"Waiter!"
"Yes, sir."
"What's this?"
"It's bean soup, sir."
"Never mind what it has been. I want to know what it is
now."
Homographs are words different in sound and in meaning
but accidentally identical n spelling (e.g. bow [bau], v. – to incline
the head or body in salutation; bow [bou], n. – a flexible strip of

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