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Another angle often referred to is a zenith angle. This is defined
as the angle in the vertical plane between the direction vertically
above the instrument and the line of sight.

Task 3. Answer the questions, using the active vocabulary.

1. What is the application of vertical angles?
2. What types of slopes can you name?

3. How is gradient defined?
4. What are the procedures of slope calculation?
5. What are modern vertical angle and slope measurement
methods?

6. Can you define zenith angle?

Task 4. Define whether the following statements are true or
false. Correct the false ones according to the text.

1. A vertical angle is an angle formed by four connected lines in
the vertical plane.
2. Whenever a line is not horizontal, it has a slope.

3. The slope of the ground does not affect the measurement of
distances.
4. The slope of a line is called the gradient.

II. LEXICAL EXERCISES

Task 1. Complete the sentence according to the text.

1. _________ are fundamental measurements in surveying.
2. _________ is an angle formed by two connected lines in the

vertical plane, that is, between a low point and two higher points.
3. In topography, the angle made by two ground lines is
measured _________.

4. ______ can be uphill or downhill.
5. Horizontal angles are used to determine bearings and directions
in ______.
6. Horizontal angles are usually expressed in _________.

Task 2. Match the words in A with the words in B to form

word-combinations. Translate them into Ukrainian

№ A B
1. to determine a) slope corrections;

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