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UNIT 1
                                               The Science of Geology

                         Task 1.  Read and memorize the following words:
                   multitude – безліч, маса                   conduct – проводити
                   surface – поверхня                         deal  with  –  мати справи з чимось або
                                                              кимось
                   compose – складати, створювати             eruption – виверження
                   proceed    –    продовжувати,      діяти,  expand – розширювати, поширюватися
                   відбуватися
                   occur – траплятися                         insight – розуміння
                   establish – встановлювати                  perceive – сприймати, розрізняти
                   unravel – розплутувати, розгадувати        point  out  –  вказувати,  виділяти,
                                                              зазначати
                   strive – прагнути                          provide – забезпечувати
                   pursue – переслідувати                     violent – різкий

                         Task  2.  Transcribe  the  following  words  and  word-combinations.  Read
                  them,  paying  particular  attention  to  the  pronunciation  of  the  letters  and
                  combinations of the letters in bold.
                         Archaeological  geology,  paleoclimatology,  paleontology,  geochemistry,
                  geophysics, geomorphology, hydrogeology, volcanology, mineralogy.

                         Task 3. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian.

                         The  subject  of  this  text  is  geology,  from  the  Greek  geo,  “Earth,”  and  logos,
                  “discourse.” It is the science that pursues an understanding of planet Earth. Geology is
                  traditionally  divided  into two  broad  areas—physical  and  historical.  Physical  geology
                  examines the  materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes
                  that operate beneath and upon its surface (TABLE 1.1).  The aim of historical geology,
                  on the other hand, is to understand the origin of Earth and its development through time.
                  Thus, it strives to establish a chronological arrangement of the multitude of physical and
                  biological  changes  that  have  occurred  in  the  geologic  past.  The  study  of  physical
                  geology logically precedes the study of Earth history because we must first understand
                  how Earth works before we attempt to unravel its past. It should also be pointed out that
                  physical and historical geology are divided into many areas of specialization.
                         To understand Earth is challenging because our planet is a dynamic body with
                  many interacting parts and a complex history. Throughout its long existence, Earth has
                  been changing. In fact, it is changing as you read this text and will continue to do so
                  into  the  foreseeable  future.  Sometimes  the  changes  are  rapid  and  violent,  as  when
                  landslides or volcanic eruptions occur. Just as often, change takes place so slowly that it
                  goes unnoticed during a lifetime. Scales of size and space also vary greatly among the
                  phenomena that geologists study. Sometimes they must focus on phenomena that are
                  submicroscopic, and at other times they must deal with features that are continental or
                  global in scale.
                         Geology is perceived as a science that is done in the out of doors. A great deal of
                  geology  is  based  on  measurements,  observations,  and  experiments  conducted  in  the
                  field.  But  geology  is  also  done  in  the  laboratory  where,  for  example,  the  study  of
                  various  Earth  materials  provides  insights  into  many  basic  processes.  Moreover,  the
                  development of sophisticated computer models allows for the simulation of many of our
                  planet’s  complex  systems.  Frequently,  geology  requires  an  understanding  and



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