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percolate – просочуватися, проникати intrude – проникати, інтрудувати
скрізь
subject to – підлягати, піддаватись lithification – скам’яніння, літифікація
weather – підпадати під атмосферний metamorphic - метаморфічний
вплив
downslope – вниз по схилу sediment – осадова порода,
відкладення
texture – текстура, структура solidify – тверднути, зміцнюватись
expose – підпадати, піддаватися

Task 2. Transcribe the following words and word-combinations. Read
them, paying particular attention to the pronunciation of the letters and
combinations of the letters in bold
Texture, microscopically, geologists, metamorphic, crystallization, lithification.

Task 3. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian. Pay special
attention to the pronunciation of the following words: crystallization, lithification,
microscopically.
Rock
Rock is the most common and abundant material on Earth. When a rock is
examined closely, we find that it consists of smaller crystals or grains called minerals.
Minerals are chemical compounds (or sometimes single elements), each with its own
composition and physical properties. The grains or crystals may be microscopically
small or easily seen with the unaided eye.
The nature and appearance of a rock is strongly influenced by the minerals that
compose it. In addition, a rock’s texture—the size, shape, and/or arrangement of its
constituent minerals—also has a significant effect on its appearance. A rock’s mineral
composition and texture, in turn, are a reflection of the geologic processes that created
it.
Geologists divide rocks into three major groups: igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic. The rock cycle allows us to view many of the interrelationships among
different parts of the Earth system.
The rock cycle
Magma is molten material that forms inside Earth. Eventually magma cools and
solidifies. This process, called crystallization, may occur either beneath the surface or,
following a volcanic eruption, at the surface. In either situation, the resulting rocks are
called igneous rocks (ignis = fire).
If igneous rocks are exposed at the surface, they will undergo weathering, in
which the day-in and day-out influences of the atmosphere slowly disintegrate and
decompose rocks. The materials that result are often moved downslope by gravity
before being picked up and transported by any of a number of erosional agents, such as
running water, glaciers, wind, or waves. Eventually these particles and dissolved
substances, called sediment, are deposited. Although most sediment ultimately comes to
rest in the ocean, other sites of deposition include river floodplains, desert basins,
swamps, and sand dunes.
Next the sediments undergo lithification, a term meaning “conversion into rock.”
Sediment is usually lithified into sedimentary rock when compacted by the weight of
overlying layers or when cemented as percolating groundwater fills the pores with
mineral matter. If the resulting sedimentary rock is buried deep within Earth and
involved in the dynamics of mountain building or intruded by a mass of magma, it will
be subjected to great pressures and/or intense heat. The sedimentary rock will react to
the changing environment and turn into the third rock type, metamorphic rock. When

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