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There are 1) articulatory, 2) acoustic and 3) functional differences
between V and C. These differences make it logical to consider

each class of sounds independently.
The sounds can be classified in different ways. H. Giegerich

[1992], M. Pennington [1996], use a set of basic binary (two-way)
distinctions in terms of:

1) phonation;

2) oro-nasal process;
3) manner of articulation.

Table 1

Phonation Oro-nasal Manner of articulation
process

Sonorants: Oral: Stops: sounds made with a

sounds whose sounds in complete obstruction or
phonetic content the stoppage of the airflow coming

is production up from the lungs. They are

predominantly of which also termed plosives.
made up by the the air

sound waves escapes
produced by through the

their voicing mouth.

Obstruents Nasal: Continuants: sounds in which

(noise conso- sounds in the obstruction of the airlow is
nants): sounds the only partial, so that the sound

produced as a production can be prolonged for a period of

result of of which time. Vowels are one type of
obstruent the continuants and there are three

articulation softpalate is consonant types of continuants:
involving an lowered, fricatives: whose phonetic

obstruction of and the air content includes a hissing

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