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The second major change area is the challenge of learning to use
many new tools to improve job performance. Of course, among these
tools are the various new technologies, which eliminate much of the
detailed drudgery of processing and repetitive tasks, freeing time for

more challenging work, such as reference and information analysis.
Microcomputers, videodisk, and optical disk are helping to make the
organization of materials, storage, preservation, delivery of documents,

and access to them much easier. Some of the most exciting
developments are in the technologies. Other important tools are
management skills, such as strategic planning, budget analysis, and
interpersonal communication skills. The availability of software

packages for planning, managing and forecasting makes a difficult job
much easier. Teleconferencing has improved communications and saves
time. Office automation, especially electronic mail and the introduction

of executive work stations, is increasing productivity of managers.
These are just a few of the many tools available to the information
professional. The challenge is to learn to use them effectively and

efficiently.
The Shift to Individual-Oriented Information Services
The third change relates to entering Era IV of our age of

information. In the A.D.Little, Inc., report for the National Science
Foundation (NSF),Into the Information Age (Chicago:ALA, 1977),
Vincent Giuliano describes three eras of information. The first refers to
subjectoriented information needs filled by dlscipline-based services,

such as Chemical Abstracts Seruice. The second is the mission-oriented
era in which information services were developed to assist missions,
such as putting a man on the moon. Giuliano contends that we are now

in Era IV of problem-oriented services which are designed to help solve
problems, such as the energy shortage or pollution. I believe that we are
entering Era IV of individual-oriented or customized information
services. We are designing and repackaging products and services for

individuals, either at home or in business and industry. This era
introduces exciting new challenges for information professionals, to
identify individual user’s needs, develop new products, and market and

sell them. Delivery of information to home-bound citizens, and the
packaging of information for the scientist in industry are just two
examples of these services.

The Need for New Directions in Education