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rule, first built in England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960s by the
NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs
which landed men on the moon.
Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 made drawings of gear-driven
calculating machines but apparently never built any.
The first gear-driven calculating machine to actually be built
was probably the calculating clock, so named by its inventor, the
German professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. This device got little
publicity because Schickard died soon afterward in the bubonic
plague.
In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an
aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-
driven one-function calculator it could only add but couldnt sell
many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really werent
that accurate at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with
the required precision.
Just a few years after Pascal, the German Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz co-inventor with Newton of calculus managed to build a
four-function addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
calculator that he called the stepped reckoner because, instead of
gears, it employed fluted drums having ten flutes arranged around
their circumference in a stair-step fashion. Although the stepped
reckoner employed the decimal number system each drum had 10
flutes, Leibniz was the first to advocate use of the binary number
system which is fundamental to the operation of modern computers.

Task 3. Do you remember the English equivalents of the
following words and word combinations?
Раніше, переважно, повторювані обчислення, морехідні таблиці,
карта морських припливів та відливів, планетарне
розташування, астрономічний календар, рахівниця,
ексцентричний, через, логарифмічна лінійка, калькулятори,
очевидно, бубонна чума, надмірна ціна, необхідна точність,

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