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They are particularly frequent in the specialized vocabularies of
arts and sciences.
4. Affixes are also classified from the etymological POV into
two large groups: native and borrowed. Natrive: er worker, miner,
teacher, painter, -ness, loneliness, loveliness, -ing meaning,
singing, reading, etc. -dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom, etc
Borrowed: prefix –dis disable, disagree, disown, etc. The suffix -
able curable, capable, adorable, etc. The suffix -ate congratulate,
create, appreciate, etc The suffix –ute contribute, constitute,
attribute, etc
5. Affixes can also be classified into productive and
nonproductive types. Productivity is the ability to form new
words after existing patterns which are readily understood by the
speakers of a language: -er, -ing, -ness, -ism (materialism), -ist
(impressionist), -ance
The native noun-forming suffixes -dom and -ship ceased to
be productive centuries ago. Yet, Professor I. V. Arnold in “The
English Word” gives some examples of comparatively new
formations with the suffix -dom: boredom, serfdom, slavedom.
The same is true about -ship (e. g. salesmanship, companionship).

2. Derivation
Word-building involves processes of producing new words
from resources of this particular language. Together with
borrowing, word- building provides for enlarging and enriching
the vocabulary of the language.
Words, which consist of a root and an affix (or several
affixes) are called derived words or derivatives and are produced
by the process of word-building known as affixation (or
derivation).
1. Affixal or derivational word formation in both
languages includes:
a) suffixal word-formation;
b) prefixal word-formation;

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