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except for Manitoba, Ontario and New Brunswick, where the compulsory
age is 18, or as soon as a high school diploma has been achieved. In some
provinces early leaving exemptions can be granted under certain
circumstances at 14.

Ukrainian diaspora [daı æspərə]. The Ukrainian diaspora is the
global community of ethnic Ukrainians, especially those who maintain some
kind of connection to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of

Ukrainian national identity within their own local community. A Ukrainian
Canadian (Український канадець) is a person of Ukrainian descent or
origin who was born in or immigrated to Canada. In 2011, there were an
estimated 1,209,085 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing

[r ’za d] in Canada (mainly Canadian-born citizens) making them
Canada's ninth largest ethnic group, and giving Canada the world's third-
largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. Self-

identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of Western
Canada.
History: Settlement – First wave (1891–1914). The first wave of

Ukrainian immigration to Canada began with Iwan (Ivan) Pylypow and
Wasyl (Vasyl') Eleniak, who arrived in 1891, and brought several families to
settle in 1892. Pylypow helped found the Edna-Star Settlement east of

Edmonton, the first and largest Ukrainian block settlement. However, it is
Dr. Josef Oleskow who is considered responsible for the large Ukrainian
Canadian population through his promotion of Canada as a destination for
immigrants from western (Austrian-ruled) Ukraine in the late 1890s.

Ukrainians from Eastern Ukraine, which was ruled by the Russian monarchy,
also came to Canada – but in smaller numbers than those from Galicia
[gə lı ıə] and Bukovina. Approximately 170,000 Ukrainians from the

Austro-Hungarian Empire arrived in Canada from 1891 to 1914. This
Ukrainian immigration to Canada was largely agrarian.
Settlers, workers and professionals – Second wave (1923–1939). In
1923, the Canadian government modified the Immigration Act to allow

former citizens of the Austrian Empire to once again enter Canada – and
Ukrainian immigration started anew.
Workers and professionals – Third wave (1945–1952). Since World

War II, most Ukrainians coming to Canada were political refugees and
Displaced Persons who tended to move to cities in southern Ontario and
Quebec – there are now large Ukrainian communities in Toronto and

Montreal. They established a number of new organizations and affiliated
newspapers, women's and youth groups, the most prominent of which was

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