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2. Geodetic surveying
A surveying, which takes the earth’s curvature in to account is called Geodetic
survey. These types of surveys are usually considered by agencies like Geological
Survey. Geodetic surveying methods are generally used to map large areas and to
establish large-scale networks of points on the earth for horizontal and vertical
control.

1.4 Surveying Applications
As mentioned earlier, the two fundamental purposes for surveying are to
determine the relative positions of existing points and to mark the positions of new
points on or near the surface of the earth. However, different types of surveys
require different field procedures and varying degrees of precision for carrying out
the work.
 Property survey
It is also called land surveyor boundary survey. It is performed in order to
establish the positions of boundary lines and property corners. It is usually
performed whenever land ownership is to be transferred or when a large tract of
land is to be subdivided in to smaller parcels for development. It is also performed
before the design and construction of any public/private land-use project.
 Topographic survey
It is performed in order to determine the relative positions of existing natural
and constructed features on a tract of land (like ground elevation, bodies of water,
roads, buildings etc.). It provides information on the “shape of the land” hills,
valleys, ridges and general slope of the ground. The data’s obtained from a
topographic surveys are plotted in a map called topographic map and the shape of
the ground is shown with lines of equal elevation called contours.
 Construction survey
It is also called layout or location survey and performed in order to mark the
positions of new points on the ground. These new points represent the location of
building corners, road centerlines and other facilities that are to be built.
 City survey
The surveys which are carried out for the construction of roads, parks water
supply system, sewer and other constructional work for any developing township,
are called city surveys. The city maps which are prepared for tourists are known as
guide maps.
 Control survey
There are two kinds of control surveys: These are horizontal and vertical
control survey.
1. Horizontal control survey:

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