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about the scale and the origin of the reference frame, the so-called
geocenter coordinates.
4. Doppler positioning involves recording the Doppler shift of a
radio signal of stable frequency emitted from a satellite as the satellite

approaches and recedes from the observer.
5. SLR is a dedicated radio positioning services, which can locate
a receiver to within a few meters.

6. The principle of location is based on triangulation.
7. GNSS is also used for monitoring Earth's rotation, polar
motion, and crustal dynamics.

II. LEXICAL EXERCISES

Task 1. Complete the sentences according to the texts above.

1. The receiver compares this time of a) Space to Earth
transmission with its own clock at the time of methods
reception and multiplies the difference by the

speed of light to obtain a ___.
2. A satellite may carry an instrument or sensor b) Satellite laser
as part of its payload to observe the Earth in ranging (SLR)

___.
3. ___ involves recording the Doppler shift of a c) Satellite geodesy
radio signal of stable frequency emitted from a

satellite as the satellite approaches and recedes
from the observer.
4. In ___ a global network of observation d) "Pseudorange."
stations measure the round trip time of flight of

ultrashort pulses of light to satellites equipped
with retroreflectors.
5. A satellite may or use its instruments to track e) Earth to Space

or be tracked by another satellite in ___. methods
6. A satellite may be observed with ground- f) Doppler
based instruments in ___. positioning
7. ___ is the measurement of the form and g) Space to Space

dimensions of the Earth, the location of objects methods
on its surface and the figure of the Earth's

gravity field by means of artificial satellite
techniques.

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